This chapter looks at when a request to redraw a surface can be made
A Wayland server will render buffers. This will take some time. If an attempt is made by a client to ask for a buffer to be rendered prematurely, it won't happen: the request will be ignored. The server must be able to tell a client when it is ready to handle another surface commit request.
The client needs to register a listener for the server's
information. This is done by first getting a
wl_callback by wl_surface_frame
and then adding a listener by
wl_callback_add_listener as in
frame_callback = wl_surface_frame(surface);
wl_callback_add_listener(frame_callback, &frame_listener, NULL);
The wl_callback_listener is a struct with only
one function member such as
static const struct wl_callback_listener frame_listener = {
redraw
};
The function (here redraw) could do a variety
of things: for example it could set a flag for a thread to
later render something, or it could wake up a sleeping thread
to render. Here we just draw again into shared memory
and call to render that by committing the surface.
The drawing is deliberately simple: fill the drawing area
with a single colour, starting with black and each time
lightening it to white, at the end of which we go back to
black:
uint32_t pixel_value = 0x0; // black
static void
paint_pixels() {
int n;
uint32_t *pixel = shm_data;
for (n =0; n < WIDTH*HEIGHT; n++) {
*pixel++ = pixel_value;
}
// increase each RGB component by one
pixel_value += 0x10101;
// if it's reached 0xffffff (white) reset to zero
if (pixel_value > 0xffffff) {
pixel_value = 0x0;
}
}
The complete code is surface.c:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <wayland-client.h>
#include <wayland-client-protocol.h>
#include <wayland-egl.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
struct wl_display *display = NULL;
struct wl_compositor *compositor = NULL;
struct wl_surface *surface;
struct wl_shell *shell;
struct wl_shell_surface *shell_surface;
struct wl_shm *shm;
struct wl_buffer *buffer;
struct wl_callback *frame_callback;
void *shm_data;
const int WIDTH = 480;
const int HEIGHT = 360;
static void
handle_ping(void *data, struct wl_shell_surface *shell_surface,
uint32_t serial)
{
wl_shell_surface_pong(shell_surface, serial);
fprintf(stderr, "Pinged and ponged\n");
}
static void
handle_configure(void *data, struct wl_shell_surface *shell_surface,
uint32_t edges, int32_t width, int32_t height)
{
}
static void
handle_popup_done(void *data, struct wl_shell_surface *shell_surface)
{
}
static const struct wl_shell_surface_listener shell_surface_listener = {
handle_ping,
handle_configure,
handle_popup_done
};
static int
set_cloexec_or_close(int fd)
{
long flags;
if (fd == -1)
return -1;
flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD);
if (flags == -1)
goto err;
if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, flags | FD_CLOEXEC) == -1)
goto err;
return fd;
err:
close(fd);
return -1;
}
static int
create_tmpfile_cloexec(char *tmpname)
{
int fd;
#ifdef HAVE_MKOSTEMP
fd = mkostemp(tmpname, O_CLOEXEC);
if (fd >= 0)
unlink(tmpname);
#else
fd = mkstemp(tmpname);
if (fd >= 0) {
fd = set_cloexec_or_close(fd);
unlink(tmpname);
}
#endif
return fd;
}
/*
* Create a new, unique, anonymous file of the given size, and
* return the file descriptor for it. The file descriptor is set
* CLOEXEC. The file is immediately suitable for mmap()'ing
* the given size at offset zero.
*
* The file should not have a permanent backing store like a disk,
* but may have if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is not properly implemented in OS.
*
* The file name is deleted from the file system.
*
* The file is suitable for buffer sharing between processes by
* transmitting the file descriptor over Unix sockets using the
* SCM_RIGHTS methods.
*/
int
os_create_anonymous_file(off_t size)
{
static const char template[] = "/weston-shared-XXXXXX";
const char *path;
char *name;
int fd;
path = getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
if (!path) {
errno = ENOENT;
return -1;
}
name = malloc(strlen(path) + sizeof(template));
if (!name)
return -1;
strcpy(name, path);
strcat(name, template);
fd = create_tmpfile_cloexec(name);
free(name);
if (fd < 0)
return -1;
if (ftruncate(fd, size) < 0) {
close(fd);
return -1;
}
return fd;
}
uint32_t pixel_value = 0x0; // black
static void
paint_pixels() {
int n;
uint32_t *pixel = shm_data;
for (n =0; n < WIDTH*HEIGHT; n++) {
*pixel++ = pixel_value;
}
// increase each RGB component by one
pixel_value += 0x10101;
// if it's reached 0xffffff (white) reset to zero
if (pixel_value > 0xffffff) {
pixel_value = 0x0;
}
}
static const struct wl_callback_listener frame_listener;
static void
redraw(void *data, struct wl_callback *callback, uint32_t time)
{
// fprintf(stderr, "Redrawing\n");
wl_callback_destroy(frame_callback);
wl_surface_damage(surface, 0, 0,
WIDTH, HEIGHT);
paint_pixels();
frame_callback = wl_surface_frame(surface);
wl_surface_attach(surface, buffer, 0, 0);
wl_callback_add_listener(frame_callback, &frame_listener, NULL);
wl_surface_commit(surface);
}
static const struct wl_callback_listener frame_listener = {
redraw
};
static struct wl_buffer *
create_buffer() {
struct wl_shm_pool *pool;
int stride = WIDTH * 4; // 4 bytes per pixel
int size = stride * HEIGHT;
int fd;
struct wl_buffer *buff;
fd = os_create_anonymous_file(size);
if (fd < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "creating a buffer file for %d B failed: %m\n",
size);
exit(1);
}
shm_data = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
if (shm_data == MAP_FAILED) {
fprintf(stderr, "mmap failed: %m\n");
close(fd);
exit(1);
}
pool = wl_shm_create_pool(shm, fd, size);
buff = wl_shm_pool_create_buffer(pool, 0,
WIDTH, HEIGHT,
stride,
WL_SHM_FORMAT_XRGB8888);
//wl_buffer_add_listener(buffer, &buffer_listener, buffer);
wl_shm_pool_destroy(pool);
return buff;
}
static void
create_window() {
buffer = create_buffer();
wl_surface_attach(surface, buffer, 0, 0);
//wl_surface_damage(surface, 0, 0, WIDTH, HEIGHT);
wl_surface_commit(surface);
}
static void
shm_format(void *data, struct wl_shm *wl_shm, uint32_t format)
{
char *s;
switch (format) {
case WL_SHM_FORMAT_ARGB8888: s = "ARGB8888"; break;
case WL_SHM_FORMAT_XRGB8888: s = "XRGB8888"; break;
case WL_SHM_FORMAT_RGB565: s = "RGB565"; break;
default: s = "other format"; break;
}
fprintf(stderr, "Possible shmem format %s\n", s);
}
struct wl_shm_listener shm_listener = {
shm_format
};
static void
global_registry_handler(void *data, struct wl_registry *registry, uint32_t id,
const char *interface, uint32_t version)
{
if (strcmp(interface, "wl_compositor") == 0) {
compositor = wl_registry_bind(registry,
id,
&wl_compositor_interface,
1);
} else if (strcmp(interface, "wl_shell") == 0) {
shell = wl_registry_bind(registry, id,
&wl_shell_interface, 1);
} else if (strcmp(interface, "wl_shm") == 0) {
shm = wl_registry_bind(registry, id,
&wl_shm_interface, 1);
wl_shm_add_listener(shm, &shm_listener, NULL);
}
}
static void
global_registry_remover(void *data, struct wl_registry *registry, uint32_t id)
{
printf("Got a registry losing event for %d\n", id);
}
static const struct wl_registry_listener registry_listener = {
global_registry_handler,
global_registry_remover
};
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
display = wl_display_connect(NULL);
if (display == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Can't connect to display\n");
exit(1);
}
printf("connected to display\n");
struct wl_registry *registry = wl_display_get_registry(display);
wl_registry_add_listener(registry, ®istry_listener, NULL);
wl_display_dispatch(display);
wl_display_roundtrip(display);
if (compositor == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Can't find compositor\n");
exit(1);
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "Found compositor\n");
}
surface = wl_compositor_create_surface(compositor);
if (surface == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Can't create surface\n");
exit(1);
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "Created surface\n");
}
shell_surface = wl_shell_get_shell_surface(shell, surface);
if (shell_surface == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Can't create shell surface\n");
exit(1);
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "Created shell surface\n");
}
wl_shell_surface_set_toplevel(shell_surface);
wl_shell_surface_add_listener(shell_surface,
&shell_surface_listener, NULL);
frame_callback = wl_surface_frame(surface);
wl_callback_add_listener(frame_callback, &frame_listener, NULL);
create_window();
redraw(NULL, NULL, 0);
while (wl_display_dispatch(display) != -1) {
;
}
wl_display_disconnect(display);
printf("disconnected from display\n");
exit(0);
}
Content written to a surface's buffer will stay unchanged until overwritten by the client. The compositor is responsible for manipulating and displaying this content, so if, say, a portion of the client's window is obscured and then uncovered, the compositor will look after redrawing it without the client needing to do anything. This is different to the X Window model, where the client has to redraw areas 'damaged' by the windows of other clients.
On the other had, if the client redraws content in an area,
then it has to inform the compositor of which part to redraw.
The wl_surface_commit tells the compositor
to redraw, while the wl_surface_damage
tells the compositor which areas to redraw.
In the previous example we redrew the entire window surface
and consequently damaged the entire window surface as well.
We can get an interesting effect by damaging a smaller rectangle
each time, so that the undamaged area is not redrawn by the
compositor. The result looks like
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <wayland-client.h>
#include <wayland-client-protocol.h>
#include <wayland-egl.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
struct wl_display *display = NULL;
struct wl_compositor *compositor = NULL;
struct wl_surface *surface;
struct wl_shell *shell;
struct wl_shell_surface *shell_surface;
struct wl_shm *shm;
struct wl_buffer *buffer;
struct wl_callback *frame_callback;
void *shm_data;
int WIDTH = 480;
int HEIGHT = 256;
static void
handle_ping(void *data, struct wl_shell_surface *shell_surface,
uint32_t serial)
{
wl_shell_surface_pong(shell_surface, serial);
fprintf(stderr, "Pinged and ponged\n");
}
static void
handle_configure(void *data, struct wl_shell_surface *shell_surface,
uint32_t edges, int32_t width, int32_t height)
{
}
static void
handle_popup_done(void *data, struct wl_shell_surface *shell_surface)
{
}
static const struct wl_shell_surface_listener shell_surface_listener = {
handle_ping,
handle_configure,
handle_popup_done
};
static int
set_cloexec_or_close(int fd)
{
long flags;
if (fd == -1)
return -1;
flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD);
if (flags == -1)
goto err;
if (fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, flags | FD_CLOEXEC) == -1)
goto err;
return fd;
err:
close(fd);
return -1;
}
static int
create_tmpfile_cloexec(char *tmpname)
{
int fd;
#ifdef HAVE_MKOSTEMP
fd = mkostemp(tmpname, O_CLOEXEC);
if (fd >= 0)
unlink(tmpname);
#else
fd = mkstemp(tmpname);
if (fd >= 0) {
fd = set_cloexec_or_close(fd);
unlink(tmpname);
}
#endif
return fd;
}
/*
* Create a new, unique, anonymous file of the given size, and
* return the file descriptor for it. The file descriptor is set
* CLOEXEC. The file is immediately suitable for mmap()'ing
* the given size at offset zero.
*
* The file should not have a permanent backing store like a disk,
* but may have if XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is not properly implemented in OS.
*
* The file name is deleted from the file system.
*
* The file is suitable for buffer sharing between processes by
* transmitting the file descriptor over Unix sockets using the
* SCM_RIGHTS methods.
*/
int
os_create_anonymous_file(off_t size)
{
static const char template[] = "/weston-shared-XXXXXX";
const char *path;
char *name;
int fd;
path = getenv("XDG_RUNTIME_DIR");
if (!path) {
errno = ENOENT;
return -1;
}
name = malloc(strlen(path) + sizeof(template));
if (!name)
return -1;
strcpy(name, path);
strcat(name, template);
fd = create_tmpfile_cloexec(name);
free(name);
if (fd < 0)
return -1;
if (ftruncate(fd, size) < 0) {
close(fd);
return -1;
}
return fd;
}
uint32_t pixel_value = 0x0; // black
static void
paint_pixels() {
int n;
uint32_t *pixel = shm_data;
for (n =0; n < WIDTH*HEIGHT; n++) {
*pixel++ = pixel_value;
}
// increase each RGB component by one
pixel_value += 0x10101;
// if it's reached 0xffffff (white) reset to zero
if (pixel_value > 0xffffff) {
pixel_value = 0x0;
}
}
static const struct wl_callback_listener frame_listener;
int ht;
static void
redraw(void *data, struct wl_callback *callback, uint32_t time)
{
// fprintf(stderr, "Redrawing\n");
wl_callback_destroy(frame_callback);
if (ht == 0) ht = HEIGHT;
wl_surface_damage(surface, 0, 0,
WIDTH, ht--);
paint_pixels();
frame_callback = wl_surface_frame(surface);
wl_surface_attach(surface, buffer, 0, 0);
wl_callback_add_listener(frame_callback, &frame_listener, NULL);
wl_surface_commit(surface);
}
static const struct wl_callback_listener frame_listener = {
redraw
};
static struct wl_buffer *
create_buffer() {
struct wl_shm_pool *pool;
int stride = WIDTH * 4; // 4 bytes per pixel
int size = stride * HEIGHT;
int fd;
struct wl_buffer *buff;
ht = HEIGHT;
fd = os_create_anonymous_file(size);
if (fd < 0) {
fprintf(stderr, "creating a buffer file for %d B failed: %m\n",
size);
exit(1);
}
shm_data = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, fd, 0);
if (shm_data == MAP_FAILED) {
fprintf(stderr, "mmap failed: %m\n");
close(fd);
exit(1);
}
pool = wl_shm_create_pool(shm, fd, size);
buff = wl_shm_pool_create_buffer(pool, 0,
WIDTH, HEIGHT,
stride,
WL_SHM_FORMAT_XRGB8888);
//wl_buffer_add_listener(buffer, &buffer_listener, buffer);
wl_shm_pool_destroy(pool);
return buff;
}
static void
create_window() {
buffer = create_buffer();
wl_surface_attach(surface, buffer, 0, 0);
//wl_surface_damage(surface, 0, 0, WIDTH, HEIGHT);
wl_surface_commit(surface);
}
static void
shm_format(void *data, struct wl_shm *wl_shm, uint32_t format)
{
char *s;
switch (format) {
case WL_SHM_FORMAT_ARGB8888: s = "ARGB8888"; break;
case WL_SHM_FORMAT_XRGB8888: s = "XRGB8888"; break;
case WL_SHM_FORMAT_RGB565: s = "RGB565"; break;
default: s = "other format"; break;
}
fprintf(stderr, "Possible shmem format %s\n", s);
}
struct wl_shm_listener shm_listener = {
shm_format
};
static void
global_registry_handler(void *data, struct wl_registry *registry, uint32_t id,
const char *interface, uint32_t version)
{
if (strcmp(interface, "wl_compositor") == 0) {
compositor = wl_registry_bind(registry,
id,
&wl_compositor_interface,
1);
} else if (strcmp(interface, "wl_shell") == 0) {
shell = wl_registry_bind(registry, id,
&wl_shell_interface, 1);
} else if (strcmp(interface, "wl_shm") == 0) {
shm = wl_registry_bind(registry, id,
&wl_shm_interface, 1);
wl_shm_add_listener(shm, &shm_listener, NULL);
}
}
static void
global_registry_remover(void *data, struct wl_registry *registry, uint32_t id)
{
printf("Got a registry losing event for %d\n", id);
}
static const struct wl_registry_listener registry_listener = {
global_registry_handler,
global_registry_remover
};
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
display = wl_display_connect(NULL);
if (display == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Can't connect to display\n");
exit(1);
}
printf("connected to display\n");
struct wl_registry *registry = wl_display_get_registry(display);
wl_registry_add_listener(registry, ®istry_listener, NULL);
wl_display_dispatch(display);
wl_display_roundtrip(display);
if (compositor == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Can't find compositor\n");
exit(1);
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "Found compositor\n");
}
surface = wl_compositor_create_surface(compositor);
if (surface == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Can't create surface\n");
exit(1);
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "Created surface\n");
}
shell_surface = wl_shell_get_shell_surface(shell, surface);
if (shell_surface == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "Can't create shell surface\n");
exit(1);
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "Created shell surface\n");
}
wl_shell_surface_set_toplevel(shell_surface);
wl_shell_surface_add_listener(shell_surface,
&shell_surface_listener, NULL);
frame_callback = wl_surface_frame(surface);
wl_callback_add_listener(frame_callback, &frame_listener, NULL);
create_window();
redraw(NULL, NULL, 0);
while (wl_display_dispatch(display) != -1) {
;
}
wl_display_disconnect(display);
printf("disconnected from display\n");
exit(0);
}
Copyright © Jan Newmarch, jan@newmarch.name
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